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POF 2008/09 reveals inequality and changes in the budget of Brazilian families
The Brazilian family spends, on average, R$ 2,626.31 per month, and those in the Southeast spend more (R$ 3,135.80), almost twice as families in the Northeast (R$ 1,700.26), who have the lowest expenditure. Inequality is also observed between the average income of urban (R$ 2,853.13) and rural areas (R$1,397.29). The average monthly income of the reached R$ 2,763.47 and regional inequalities remain: the lowest income (Northeast, R$ 1,764.62) is almost half of the highest (Southeast, R$ 3,348.44).
These are some of the data in presented by this first release of the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008/09, which visited about 60 thousand urban and rural households, between May 2008 and May 2009. There are data about expenditure, income (either cash or non-cash) and appreciation or depreciation, besides the evaluation of families about their own life conditions. There are also detailed data about expenditure on Housing, Food, transportation, Health, Education, Taxes, Labor contributions, Payment of debts, etc., considering different ranges of income. There are comparisons with POF 2002/03 and the National Survey of Household Expenditure (ENDEF) 1974/75.
The level of participation of the main consumption groups in family expenditure has changed significant since the 1970’s. Food, for example, faced substantial decrease between ENDEF 1974/75 (33.9%) and POF 2002/03 (20.8%), keeping reduction until 2008/09 (19.8%). In the rural area, the participation of Food also decreased gradually, from 53.2% to 34.1% and then to 27.6%. In the same periods, the participation of Housing increased from 30.4% to 35.5% and then to 35.9%. Its rural evolution was more significant: from 17.8% (ENDEF 1974/75) to 28.7% (POF 2002/03) and 30.6% (POF 2008/09).
In six years, urban participation of food out of the household in expenditure with food increased from one fourth (25.7%) to one third (33.1%), and rural participation did from 13.1% to 17.5%.
In
The survey also refers to the improvement in the relationship between expenditure and income of families. In 2002/03, the 85.3% of families with the lowest income had, on average, expenditure above their monthly income. In 2008/09, the 68.4% with the lowest income were in this condition.
The difference between the average monthly expenditure of families in which the reference person had less than one year of schooling and those in which this person had 11 or more years of schooling was almost 207%. However, there was significant decrease of such difference, since it was about 400% in POF 2002/03.
The expenditure of families with a white reference person was 89% above that of families with a black reference person, and 79% above that of a brown reference person. In these cases, in six years there were opposing occurrences: in relation to POF 2002/03, these differences were 82% and 84%, respectively.
For the second time, POF has investigated the subjective perception of the population about some aspects of their quality of life. In 2008/09, about 75.2% of families declared to have some level of difficulty to get to the month with the income earned per month. In 2002-2003, this percentage was 85.0%.
Even in subjective perception there are inequalities in income ranges: in the range of up to R$ 830, about 88% declared to have some level of difficulty; in the range with income above R$10.375, only 28% informed some kind of difficulty. See below the main data in Consumer Expenditure Survey 2008/09.
The Brazilian family spends, on average, R$ 2,626.31 per month
According to POF 2008/ 2009, the Brazilian family spent, on average, R$ 2,626.31 per month. Families in the Southeast had the highest expenditure (R$ 3,135.80), with almost twice as the amount of expenditure in the Northeast, where families spend less (R$ 1,700.00).
In the South and Southeast, families with low monthly income (up to R$ 830) used to spend more than they earned (R$ 929.75 and R$ 831.67, respectively).
Among the Federation Units, the
Besides regional inequalities, there is also a big difference between the average monthly expenditure in urban areas (R$ 2,303.56, being 8.6% above the average), ad in rural ones (R$ 1,220.14, being 46.8% below the average).
In six years, there has been a better ratio between family expenditure and income
The survey also showed improvement in the ratio between family expenditure and income. In 2002/03, the 85.3% of families with the lowest income had, on average, expenditure above the salary earned every month. In 2008/09, the 68.4% with the lowest income were in this condition (see table below):
The table above shows overall expenditure and income by several income ranges, besides the accumulated distribution of families among these groups. Up to the group with income between R$ 1,245 and R$ 2,490, average overall expenditure surpassed the average incomes. In the other groups, the opposite took place.
Everyday expenses make up 92.1% of expenditure; appreciation/depreciation, 5.8%
In 2008/ 2009, current expenses, which are everyday expenses of families, made up 92.1% of the average overall expenditure, or R$ 2,419.77. Most of this amount referred to consumption expenditure – on food housing, education, transportation, among others – which totaled R$ 2,134.77 on average (81.3% of overall expenditure). Other current expenses (taxes, labor contributions, pensions, allowances, donations, etc.) represented, on average, R$ 285 per month (10.9% of the total).
With the increase of assets (purchase of real estate, construction, and improvement of already constructed real estate, and other investments such as premium bonds, club bonds, acquisition of terrain for graves, that is appreciation) families spent, on average, R$ 152.09 per month (or 5.8% of overall expenditure ). The amount spent on decrease of liabilities (payment of debts) had a monthly average of R$ 54.45 (2.1% of the total).
The South had the highest level of participation in the increase assets in family budget (8.3% versus an average figure of 5.8%).
In rural areas, exchanges, payment in goods and benefits of a house make up 20.8% of overall expenditure
With reference to the division of expenditure into cash and non-cash1 (84.8% and 15.2% of the total in the country, on average), there is significant difference in the urban/rural comparison. In the urban area, non-cash expenditure had average participation of 14.7%, whereas in the rural area it represented 20.8% of the overall monthly family expenditure.
The table below summarizes the main data about family expenditure.
In 34 years, expenditure on appreciation of property falls to less than 50%
Between 2002/03 and 2008/09, POF showed changes in the participation of big groups in total expenditure (see table below) as well as some changes in behavior. Relative to ENDEF 1974/ 1975 (National Survey of Household Expenditure) very significant changes are also related to the long time between the studies (more than 30 years) and to the several changes in family habits in this period.
In the big group of current expenses, between 2002/03 and 2008/09, there was decrease of participation in the structure of overall expenditure, from 93.3% to 92.1%. In relation to ENDEF, when the participation was 79.9%, the opposite occurred: increase of 12.2 percentage points. A similar change occurred in consumption expenditure - 81.3% of the overall expenditure in 2008/09; 82.4% in 2002/03; and 74.6% in 1974/75. In terms of other current expenses (10.9%), there was stability between the two POFs, and significant increase in relation to 1974/75 (5.3%).
Increase of assets had participation of 5.8% in 2008/09 and inverted the previous change, having increased since 2002/03 (4.7%). In terms of ENDEF (16.5%), it was the group facing the biggest decrease among family expenses. Decrease of liabilities remained stable in relation to 2008/09 (2.1%) and 2002/03 (2.0%), but decreased in relation to ENDEF (3.6%), by 42%. In the analysis of urban and rural households, the same took place.
Consumption represents 81.3% of family expenditure
Consumption expenditure are the most important part of family expenditure and represent 81.3% of the total (or R$ 2 134.77) of the national average. The average consumption expenditure in the rural area (R$ 1,220.14) corresponded to 57.2% of the national average and to 53% in the urban area (R$ 2,303.56).
Expenditure on food, housing and transportation corresponded to 75.3% of the average monthly consumption expenditure of Brazilian families, or to 61.3% of the overall expenditure. In Food (19.8%) the urban area (27.6%) surpassed the urban one (19%). In Housing (35.9%), the opposite occurred: urban (36.4%) and rural (30.6%).
The table below shows comparisons between comparisons between the expenditure of families with income range of up to R$ 830.00 and of R$ 10,375.00. The highlights are expenses with Health Assistance: for the group of up to R$ 830.00, medicines represented 4.2%, or 76.4% of the expenditure on health, versus 1.9% in the other group. The participation of health insurance was 2.4% in the group with the biggest income, versus 0.3% in the other one.
In six years, average expenditure on Food and Transportation have reached the same level
The participation of consumption groups (including urban and rural) faced significant changes in the time series. Housing, for example, had significant decrease between ENDEF (33.9%) and POF 2002/03 (20.8%) and remained decreasing until 2008/09 (19.8%). Housing had significant increase between ENDEF (30.4%) and POF 2002/03 (35.5%), keeping its increase until 2008/09 (35,9%); evolution in the urban area was more significant, since ENDEF (17.8%) to POF 2002/03 (28.66%) and 2008/09 (30.6%).
Participation of food out of the home in family budget increases
POF 2008/09 showed that families are spending more on food out of the home now than in 2002/03. The percentage of expenditure with food out of the home increased from 24.1% to31.1% in this period, that is, it represented almost one third of the expenditure on food. In the urban area, it changed from 25.7% to 33.1%, and in the rural area, from 13.1% to 17.5%. In currency terms (reais), expenditure of food in the urban area in 2008-2009 was 145.5% above expenditure in the rural area.
The analysis by Major Region indicates that the biggest percentage spent on food out of the household occurred in the Southeast Region (37.2%), whereas the lowest percentages occurred in the North Region (21.4%) and Northeast (23.5%).
In terms of money, the average monthly expenditure of families on food was R$ 421.72, being R$ 290.39 spent on food at home and R$ 131.33, on food out of the home. In families with higher incomes (above R$ 10,375.00), the proportion of expenditure on food out of the home (49.3%) is practically the same as the expenditure on food in the home (50.7%).
Families with the biggest incomes spend almost tem times more than families with low incomes
In
Among the Major Regions, the highest average monthly expenditure per capita, both among the 40% with the lowest incomes and among the 10% with the highest income was that of the South (R$ 406.00 and R$ 2,799.00, respectively) and the lowest, in the group with the lowest incomes, of the Northeast (R$ 233.00). Also in the group with the lowest incomes, expenditure per capita in the South was 74% bigger than that of the Northeast.
Among families with the biggest income, the North had the lowest average per capita (R$ 2,094.00) and the South, the highest (R$ 2,799.00). In this group, expenditure per capita in the South Region was 33% bigger than in the North.
The most uneven Major Region was the Northeast (with a difference of 11.3 times between the average expenditure per capita of the two income ranges), whereas the least uneven was that of the South (6.9 times). Between POF 2002/03 and 2008/09, this difference was reduced in the South, Central West and Northeast, and was almost stable in the other Major Regions.
Level of schooling also changes the consumption patterns of families
The higher the level of schooling of the reference person, the bigger the average monthly expenditure of their families. For families in which the reference person had at least one year of schooling, the average monthly expenditure was R$ 1,403.42. In families where the reference person had 11 or more years of schooling, this total was almost 207% bigger (R$ 4 314.92). Considering POF 2002/03 there was significant reduction of this difference, which was about 400%.
The existence of persons with complete or incomplete higher education in the family, even not being the reference person, produced similar effects: in families which did not have a person with complete or incomplete higher education, the average overall expenditure was R$ 1,659.99. In families in which one person had complete or incomplete higher education, the expenditure increased to R$ 4,296.05 (160% more); and in families with more than one person, expenditure increased to R$ 8,117.27 (390% more than in the first group). Although they still remain, these differences have become smaller when compared to figures in 2002/03 (190% and 430% respectively).
In the analysis by color or race, the difference between the expenditure of families was also very big
The expenditure of families with a white reference person was 28%above the national average, and 89% above the expenditure of families with a black reference person, besides 79% above the expenditure of families with a brown reference person. In relation to POF 2002/03, percent differences between families with a white and black reference person increased (from 82% to 89%). The difference between families with a white and brown reference person faced decrease o (from 84% to 79%).
Families with a male reference person also had average monthly expenditure (R$ 2,800.16) about 7% above the national average (R$ 2,626.31) whereas the average expenditure of families with a female reference person (R$ 2 237.14) was 15% lower. The difference between the two groups has increased: it was in 15% POF 2002-2003 and changed to 20% in POF 2008-2009.
Expenditure on food represents 16.1% of the overall expenditure and 19.8% of consumption expenditure of Brazilian families. The results of POF 2008/09 for food in the household confirmed the inequality in the profiles of family consumption. The value in reais spent on food by the families with the biggest incomes (R$ 1,198.14) is almost three times the national average and almost six times that of families with the lowest incomes (R$ 207.15).
Families from all the Regions spend more on meats, giblets and fish
The group of food including meats, giblets and fish leads expenditure on food, both in the average of the country (21.9%) and in the urban and rural areas (21.3% and 25.2%, respectively). Then in the urban area comes Milk and dairy products (11.9%), Bakery products (11.0%) and Beverages and infusions (10.0%). In the rural area comes Cereals, legumes and oilseeds (13.1%), Milk and dairy products (8.7%) and Poultry and eggs (8.5%)
Between 2002/03 and 2008/09, the percentage of family expenditure on meats, giblets and increased from 18.3% to 21.9%, in the total expenditure on food at home, whereas that of milk and dairy products fell from 11.9% to 11.5%, as well as that of bakery products, which changed from 10.9% to 10.4%. There was also decrease of expenditure on cereals, legumes and oilseeds (from 10.4% to 8.0%); sugar and derivative items (from 5.9% to 4.6%) and poultry and eggs (from 7.1% to 6.9%). There was increase in expenditure on fruits (from 4.2% to 4.6%) and beverages and infusions (from 8.5% to 9.7%).
Average monthly income was R$ 2763.47
According to POF, the overall income and the appreciation/depreciation of property of Brazilian families was R$ 2,763.47. Income from work accounted for most of these figures (61% of overall income and R$ 1,688.00 of appreciation/depreciation). A total 70.7% of income from work referred to salaries of public, private or domestic workers, and 20.2% referred to own-account workers.
In relation to 2002/03, there have not been significant changes in the composition of income from work of Brazilians – except regarding the participation of employer’s, which was reduced by more than two percentage points (from 11.7% in 2002/03 to 9.1% in 2008-2009) in the period.
The second biggest participation in the average income of families came from transfers2 (18.5%), especially retirement and government pensions. In 2008/09, they represented more than 80% of transfers, out of which are 55% paid by the National Institute of Social Security (INSS). On the other extreme were federal social programs, which represented only about 3% of transfers. The latter are the highlight among transfers of families with low incomes.
Non-cash income held the third bigger participation (12.8%) in the formation of POF, being most significant among families with lowest incomes3. In this case, non-cash income corresponded to 25.8% of overall average income. Among families with higher incomes, non-cash income represented only 6.7%.
Incomes from rents (of real estate and personal property) and other incomes represented the smallest contributions in the composition of overall income and appreciation/depreciation of property (1.7% and 1.6%, respectively). The composition of transfers varies among families with lower or higher incomes.
In 2008/09, about 4% of Brazilian families had income above R$ 10,375. Among them, the biggest participation was also of income from work (60.5%); income from transfers was n the second position (and the highlight was retirement and social security pensions). Differently from other classes of income, appreciation/depreciation was the third major origin of resources (9.9%) of families, and not non-cash income.
Families in the Southeast and south have incomes above average
The highest overall income and appreciation of property, among Major Regions, were those of the Southeast, followed by the South – the two only Regions to have recorded percentages above the national average (about 21% and 10.3%, respectively). However, only the South presented figures above the national average in all the categories of income origin. On the other hand, the region with the lowest overall income and appreciation was the Northeast (R$ 1,764, about 63.5 % of the national average), followed by the North (76% of the average).
The participation of income from work was above 60% in four of the six metropolitan areas. the only exception was the Northeast (57.8%). The biggest participation occurred in the Central West (66.4%) and in the North (65.5%). Transfers had biggest participation in the income of families in the Northeast Region (22.5%), a percentage above that observed in rural areas (20.5%). In terms of the distribution of non-cash income, the North (16.6%) and Northeast (15.5%) surpassed the participation of this item in the national average (14.6%).
Compared to POF 2002/03, in 2008/09 there are changes in participation of two components: transfers and non-cash income. In the Five areas there was increase of the proportions of transfers and decrease of non-cash income, indicating that there is a bigger number of families in the cash market.
Subjective perception of families about their income with reference to food
The Consumer Expenditure Survey 2008-2009 investigated the population’s perception of some aspects related to quality of life though a specific questionnaire and subjective answers administered on the last day of the interview in each household. families chose a household member to answer subjective questions about how easy it is to reach the end of the month living upon family income and the evaluation of sufficiency and of the type of food consumed. This was the second time the subjective questionnaire was administered; the first one was in POF 2002/03.
In 2008/09, 64.5% of families declared to have enough food to feed the family until the end of the month, versus 53% in 2002/03. POF also investigated if families used to consume (always, not always or rarely) their favorite type of food: in 2002/03, 73.2% declared to have some dissatisfaction, versus 65% in 2008/09.
A total 75% of the families declared to have some level of difficulty to reach the end of the month with the income earned. In the group with incomes of up to R$ 830, about 88% pointed out some kind of difficulty, and 31.1%, a lot of difficulty. In the group with incomes above R$ 10,375, 28% had some difficulty and 2.6%, a lot of difficulty.
Perception about the quantity of food is more positive than in 2002/03, but inequality among the Major Regions is striking. In the North and Northeast, about 50% of the families reported insufficiency in the quantity of food consumed, versus about 60% in 2002/03.
For 64.8% of the families in the country and 74% of the rural families, the type of food consumed was not always or rarely the favorite one. Families who reported usual consumption of their favorite type of food made up 27.7% in the North, 25.7% in the Northeast, 44% in the South, 37.9% in the Southeast and 40.6% in the Central West. Maranhão and Piauí (21%) had the smallest percentages, and Santa Catarina (47%), the biggest.
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1 All that is produced, fished, hunted, collected or received as goods (exchange, donation, obtained from business and salaries as goods). It also includes the rent estimated by the household owner. The value of non-cash income has been defined by informant themselves, considering local market prices.
2 Retirement, social security and private pensions, scholarships and social programs of income transfer.
3 The construction of classes took into account cash and non-ash income and appreciation/depreciation of property.
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June 23, 2010
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